![]() This thesis answers three broad research questions: how does criminalisation operate? Why does criminalisation occur? And what are the consequences of criminalisation? Between 20, I conducted 90 semi-structured research interviews, primarily in France, Greece and Italy, and conducted six weeks of participant observation research as a volunteer in Calais and on Lesvos. While individuals and civil society groups helping migrants and refugees were initially widely praised, state attitudes towards pro-migrant civil society actors (CSAs) soon shifted, resulting in the phenomenon referred to as the ‘criminalisation’ of pro-migrant civil society, in which CSAs are prosecuted and targeted in different ways for their work with migrants. ![]() ![]() This thesis examines the criminalisation of pro-migrant civil society in Europe within the context of the 2015 ‘refugee crisis’. ![]()
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